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Introduction : Nutritional anemia is a major public health issue that affects women of all ages, notably those of reproductive age (15-49 years). Anemia has an adverse effect on the outcome of pregnancy including miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, post-partum hemorrhages and stillbirth. Objectives: It is to estimate prevalence of anemia and to investigate socio-demographic and obstetric factors associated with the prevalence of anemia during preconception period. Method: We conducted a cross- sectional study among 306 reproductive age group (15-49 years) women who were residing in field practice area of Urban Health Training Center (UHTC) in sector-24, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India who are planning to conceive within a year. Study participants were selected from the records of the female health worker according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. Results: Out of 306 participant women, 76% were found to be anemic, out of which, 31% had mild, 55% had moderate and 14% had severe level of anemia. Education level significantly associated (P < 0.05) with presence of anemia as women with lower level of education had higher presence of anemia – 81.97% in primary education group and 79.17% among illiterate women. BMI, parity and family type was also found to be significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the severity of anemia. Conclusion: Nearly three fourth Women who planned to conceive within a year had anemia. Out of women who had anemia, nearly three fourth had moderate to severe anemia. Education had significant association with presence of anemia and low BMI, Parity and type of family had significant association with severity of anemia.
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@#Ectopic pregnancy is an extra-uterine pregnancy and is a potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to death from intra-peritoneal hemorrhage. This case reports a rare occurrence of ruptured tubal pregnancy in which the patient presented early with abdominal pain and a negative urine pregnancy test but subsequently presented again with evidence of intra-peritoneal hemorrhage. A negative urine pregnancy test is often used to rule out pregnancy, but it is not 100% sensitive. Complete assessment is critical in this important diagnosis in order to plan for the appropriate emergency management.
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Background: This study focuses on the awareness about temporary contraceptive methods among women in reproductive age group (15-45 years). The temporary contraceptive methods are barrier method, hormonal methods and intrauterine method. The need to study the awareness of temporary contraceptive among women is important to avoid Abortion, MTP and to reduce maternal mortality. The purpose of this study is to assess the awareness of temporary contraceptive methods among women within the reproductive age group of 15 to 45 years in the community. Explore women's understanding, interpretations of contraceptives. Suggestions to improve Birth control and enhance maternal, child health programmes.Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study (samples were drawn from relevant population and studied once) conducted among the outpatients visiting the obstetrics and gynaecology department of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. The study was conducted from 15th April 2019 to 14th July 2019 using pretested questionnaire by interview method.Results: The study shows 72% of women were aware of condoms and 92% of women were aware about sterilization method. 38% of the women who participated in the study belonged to the age group (36-45) and maximum usage of temporary contraceptives was found among this age group. We observe 56% of the women were aware that these contraceptives can be obtained at the government hospitals and 7% of the women were not aware where to get these services. 48% of the women got information about contraceptives from health personnel.Conclusions: The success of family planning programs can only be achieved by increasing the awareness of various contraceptives available. It is necessary that supplies of contraceptives are accessible, available and affordable to the general public with ease. Awareness can be improved by expanding health care facilities to peripheral areas.
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Objective To compare the differences in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in different area,and confirm if the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes is closely associated with air pollution.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the central urban area and the rural-urban area of Xi'an through a questionnaire survey conducted among the local reproductive women selected through multistage stratified random sampling during 2010-2013,all the reproductive women surveyed were in pregnancy or had definite pregnancy outcomes.Results The annual average of SO2 concentration in the central urban area was 38-54 μg/m3,higher than that in the rural-urban area (29-43 μg/m3).The annual average NO2 concentration in the central urban area was 29-87 μg/m3,higher than that in the rural-urban area (22-42 μg/m3).The incidence of birth defects was higher in the central urban area than in the rural-urban area (2.1％ vs.1.0％),the difference was significant (P＜0.05).After adjusting for confounding factors,logistic regression analysis showed the incidence of birth defects in the central urban area was still significantly higher than that in the rural-urban area,the difference was significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion The incidence of adverse pregnancy was closely associated with the level of air pollution.
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Objective To compare the differences in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in different area,and confirm if the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes is closely associated with air pollution.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the central urban area and the rural-urban area of Xi'an through a questionnaire survey conducted among the local reproductive women selected through multistage stratified random sampling during 2010-2013,all the reproductive women surveyed were in pregnancy or had definite pregnancy outcomes.Results The annual average of SO2 concentration in the central urban area was 38-54 μg/m3,higher than that in the rural-urban area (29-43 μg/m3).The annual average NO2 concentration in the central urban area was 29-87 μg/m3,higher than that in the rural-urban area (22-42 μg/m3).The incidence of birth defects was higher in the central urban area than in the rural-urban area (2.1％ vs.1.0％),the difference was significant (P＜0.05).After adjusting for confounding factors,logistic regression analysis showed the incidence of birth defects in the central urban area was still significantly higher than that in the rural-urban area,the difference was significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion The incidence of adverse pregnancy was closely associated with the level of air pollution.
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Objective To investigate the Toxoplasma gondii infection situation and relative factors in reproductive women in Shandong area,so as to provide the evidences for establishing strategies for reducing the birth defects and improving the quality of population. Methods A total of 5 386 reproductive women who visited hospitals at county and city levels in Shandong region from January 2013 to December 2015 were treated as the research objects,and their venous blood samples were collected to de?tect the antibodies(IgG and IgM)against T. Gondii in serum. Meanwhile,the related risk factors of T. gondii infection were sur?veyed by questionnaires. Results Among the 5 386 reproductive women,623 ones were positive for IgG antibody and the posi?tive rate was 11.56%,and 328 ones were positive for IgM antibody and the positive rate was 6.21%. The single factor analysis showed that the pregnant status(χ2 =13.12,P<0.01),whether the residences were in downtowns or counties(χ2 =6.27, P<0.05),whether having animal contact history(χ2=10.46,P<0.01),and whether eating half?baked foods(χ2=21.19, P < 0.01)were related to T. gondii infection. Conclusions The T. gondii infection rate of reproductive women in Shandong Province is high;the related risk factors include pregnant status,residence,degree of intimate contact with animal,and wheth?er eating half?baked foods. It suggests that the detection of T. gondii infection and health education in reproductive women should be strengthened.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of health education on preventing birth defects in community in terms of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) for married women in reproductive age. Method A self-designed general information form and a questionnaire on KAP of married women′s preventing birth defects were used to investigate the KAP among 300 married nulliparous women. Result The average rate of cognitive knowledge of birth defects was 60.8%, the average rate of cognitive behaviors was 59.2%, and the average rate of cognitive attitude was 67.4%. Conclusion In order to reduce the rate of birth defects and improve the quality of births, we should implement three-level prevention education system, enrich the health education methods to enhance the knowledge, attitude and behavior of married women.
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Objective To study the current status and risk factors of spontaneous abortion of women with Tibetan ethnicity at reproductive age in rural areas.Methods Pregnant women who lived in fibet were interviewed on their former reproductive history and being followed on the outcomes of pregnant from 2006 to 2012.Generalized Poisson regression model was used to explore the influencing factors of spontaneous abortion.OR value of the research factors was estimated and its 95％ confidence interval counted.Results There were 1 557 pregnant women under this study,with a total number of 2 687 pregnancies and 2 382 productions.171 women underwent spontaneous abortion,with a total number of 204 times,93 women had histories of abortion,with a total number of 101 times.Among all the Tibetan pregnant women,the ratio between spontaneous abortion and pregnant women was 7.6％ while the rate of spontaneous abortion was 7.9％.Ratio between the number of women who had experienced spontaneous abortion and the total number of women under survey was 11.0％.Pregnancy appeared the important reason on spontaneous abortion.The risk of having spontaneous abortion would increase among women who had more than 3 pregnancies.Results from Poisson regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) value before the adjustment was 3.921 (95％CI:2.553-6.021) but after the adjustment,it increased to 4.722 (95％CI:2.834-7.866).The increase of production time could reduce the risk of spontaneous abortion in women of childbearing age.Risks related to spontaneous abortion were associated with the number of pregnancies.Women seemed to have lower risk for spontaneous abortion after 2009,with OR value as 0.419(95％CI:0.285-0.616) before,compared to aOR value as 0.580 (95％CI:0.380-0.885) after the adjustment Social-demographic characteristics was not found to be particularly associated with the occurrence of spontaneous abortion.Conclusion Rate of spontaneous abortion among Tibetan women at childbearing age was not particularly high when comparing to those women living in the plain area such as Shaanxi.However,in order to further reduce the incidence of spontaneous abortion among Tibetan women,approaches should include the following items:strengthening maternal health care,extending the spacing of pregnancy and reducing the frequency of pregnancy.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence on reproductive tract infections (RTIs)status and influencing factors of women living in the rural areas of the middle and western regions in China and to develop the control strategy for RTIs. Methods Questionnaire interview and gynecological examination were carried out to collect the related information. SPSS 16.0 was used to carry on the statistical analysis. Results 768 subjects (52.8%) had heard of RTIs, but 112 of them (14.6%) did not know the symptoms of it, 244 people (31.8%) do not know the infects of RTIs, 132 women ( 17.2% ) did not know how to prevent RTIs. Gynecological examination revealed that 1111 subjects (76.4%) had at least one kind of RTIs, where the highest prevalence was chronic cervicitis,621 women (42.7%) suffered from this, followed by bacterial vaginosis with 423 women suffered,accounted for 29.1%. Data from influencing factors analysis showed that region, educational level,occupation, whether having healthy check-up or not in the past 1 year and the habits of the reproductive women all contributed to the prevalence of the RTIs. Multiple regression analysis for influencing factors showed that reproductive aged women, living in western region, sharing the basin of washing genitals with others, not drying the cleaned underwear, not cleaning the pudendum before sexual intercourse and at 25-40 of age, having high prevalence of RTIs. Conclusion RTIs is prevalent among women in the rural areas. Intervention programs should be done according to the influencing factors while knowledge on RTIs among women needs to be improved, including promotion on healthy behavior, quality of medical institutions and male participation.
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Objective To study the current situation of reproductive tract infection among bearing age mar-fled women in countryside and influence factors. Methods We had examined 4916 women. Questionnaire investiga-tion,gynecologic examination,the inspection of pathogen and the B-ultrasound were collected by face to face in the clinic. Results The general prevalence rate of RTI was 53.93%. The prevalence rates of pelvic infection and cervici-tis were 3.97% and 51.12%. The prevalence rates of germs, trichomonal and candiclal vaginitis were 12.51%, 3.60% and 7.71% respectively. The infection rate for only one,two or three kind of RTI were 33.08% ,19.73% and 1.08% respectively. The influence factors were : age, education, family economy, sanitary habits, graviclity, frequent in-tercourse,induced abortion and knowledge towards RTI. Conclusion Among bearing age married women in country-side province the prevalence rate of RTI was higher and also showed evidence of some influence factors.